Brief introduction to requirements for organic crop production
according to European Regulation (EEC) 2092/91, the US National Organic Program (NOP), JAS, and CERES standard interpretation
根据欧洲2092/91规定(欧洲经济共同体,EEC),美国国家有机法(NOP)，JAS 和CERES标准解释,简要介绍有关有机农作物生产的要求.
1. What organic agriculture is:
● Avoids synthetic pesticides and easily soluble mineral fertilizers
● Protects the environment and promotes biodiversity
● Produces healthy food
● Recycles nutrients
● Uses locally adapted methods.
1.有机农业是:
● 避免合成杀虫剂和容易溶解的无机肥料。
● 保护环境和促进生物多样性。
● 生产健康的食物。
● 再循环营养物。
● 因地制宜，使用适合地方性的种植生产方法。
2. Soil fertility and plant nutrition:
土壤的肥力与作物养分:
● Soil fertility has to be conserved or improved必须保护和改善土壤肥力
Soil erosion must be avoided必需避免土壤侵蚀
● For annual crops, a wide crop rotation has to be used, including legumes to assure biological nitrogen fixation对于一年生作物来说，应该多用地域辽阔的轮作作物（例如：豆类）来对土壤进行生物固氮。
● For perennial crops, wherever possible, legumes have to planted in interrow spaces
● 对于多年生作物，无论哪里，豆科植物必须有间种空间种植。
● Organic manuring should be used to maintain soil fertility:
● 必须使用有机施肥来保持土壤的肥力。
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Allowed according to
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Type of manure
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EU regulation and JAS
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NOP
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From organic husbandry
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yes
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only composted
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From extensive conventional husbandry
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yes
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only composted
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From intensive conventional husbandry
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only composted
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only composted
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From factory farming
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no
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only composted
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肥料的类型
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依照欧盟规则和 JAS
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依照NOP
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有机农耕业
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允许
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只施堆肥
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广种常规农耕业
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允许
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只施堆肥
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精种常规农耕业
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只施堆肥
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只施堆肥
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工厂化耕作
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不允许
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只施堆肥
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● Nitrogen fertilisers and superphosphate are not allowed, potassium chloride is allowed only by JAS
● Rock phosphate, potassium sulphate, and single trace element fertilisers can be used, in case that soil or leaf analyses show deficiencies of the respective nutrient
● Organic and inorganic fertilisation must not exceed crop requirements
● Lime (caco3) can and should be applied, when necessary.
● 允许使用氮肥料和过磷酸盐, JAS只 允许钾氯化物
● 在土壤或叶分解分别表现出营养物缺乏的情形下，岩石磷酸盐，钾硫酸盐和单一微量元素肥料可以使用。
● 有机施肥和无机施肥都不能超过农作物需求
当必需时，可以使用石灰(caco3)
3. Crop protection:
● Synthetical herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are not allowed
● Pests and plant diseases must be prevented, using adapted species and resistant varieties, adequate crop rotations, and promoting natural enemies
● After having taken these measures, only those natural or mineral substances may be used, which are mentioned in annex ii (EU-Regulation) and/or the national list (NOP) some of these substances can be applied only after approval by the certifier
● NOP restricts not only the active substance, but also the inert ingredients of natural pesticides
● Weeds must be controlled by mechanical or thermal means, through adequate soil tillage and crop rotation.
3. 农作物保护:
● 不允许使用合成的除草剂，杀虫剂和杀菌剂。
● 使用适应性强和有抵抗力的品种，来避免有害物和植物疾病。适当的农作物轮作,可以有利于害虫的天敌。
● 在执行了这些措施后,只能使用那些在 ii(欧盟-规则)的附属文件及美国国家的目录 (NOP) 中被提到的天然的或矿物质， 在这些物质中，有一些只有被证明者试用后才可以使用。
● NOP 不仅限制了一些农药的活性成分, 而且还限制了天然杀虫的一些惰性成分。
● 通过机械或火烧的方法控制杂草,彻底的适应土壤耕地 和农作物轮作。
4. Seeds and seedlings:
● Organic seeds and seedlings must be used wherever available
● For use of conventional seeds or seedlings, the farmer must prove that organic seeds of the respective variety are not available, and in the case of the EU-Regulation, must ask for a special authorisation from the certifier, before planting
● Seedlings for annual crops (mainly vegetables) may not be purchased from conventional nurseries
● Seeds with chemical dressing may not be used, except for countries, where state law prescribes chemical seed reatment for phytosanitary reasons.
种子和秧苗:
● 只要可以用，有机种子和苗木就一定要使用。
● 要使用常规种子或苗木, 农民必需证明各品种的有机种子不能使用, 而且根据欧盟规定, 在种植之前，一定要经认证者授权。
● 对一年生农作物 ( 主要是蔬菜) 的秧苗。不能从常规的苗圃购买。
● 除了那些法律规定化学种子可以预防病虫害的国家以外，不能使用化学浸制的种子。
5. Conversion period:
A conventional farm has to undergo a conversion period, before products can be sold as organic. During the conversion time, all rules of organic production have to be kept, according t
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EU regulation and JAS
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NOP
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Annual crops:
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Two years until planting
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Three years until harvest
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Perennial crops:
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Three years until harvest
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Three years until harvest
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Beginning of conversion period:
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When a contract with the certifier is signed, or the 1st inspection takes place
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When the farmer decides to start producing organic
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External control during conversion:
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Required
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The farmer can record organic management him / herself records must be detailed and complete
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Exceptions:
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In case of sufficient proofs for non use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides during the previous years, conversion period can be reduced
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Sale of products during conversion:
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From second year of conversion on, products can be labelled as “in conversion to organic farming”
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Must be sold as conventional.
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转换时期:
在产品能被作为有机物卖出之前.常规的农场必须经历一个转换时期, 在转换期间，必须保持所有有机物产品的规则, 根据:
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欧盟规则和 JAS
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NOP
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一年生农作物:
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种植前二年
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收获前三年
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多年生农作物:
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收获前三年
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收获前三年
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转换期的开始阶段
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当与证明者签署合同时，或进行第一次检查时
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当农民决定开始有机产生
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转换期的外部控制:
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必需的
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农民可以自己记录有机物管理但记录一定要详细完整
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例外:
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如果有充分的证据证明多年前就没有使有化学肥料和杀虫剂， 转换期可以缩短。
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转换期的产品销售:
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从转换期的第二年开始，产品就能被贴上"正在向有机农业转换"的标签。
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必须被当作常规产品出售。
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6. Cross contamination:
● NOP and JAS require explicitly that buffer zones are established between organic and conventional fields
● CERES, however, aiming at reducing pesticide residues in organic food, requires buffer zones also for certification according to EU regulation, wherever there is a risk of cross contamination by pesticides
交叉污染:
● NOP 和 JAS 明确地要求，在有机农场和常规农场之间建立隔离地带
● 然而，CERES 目的在于减少有机食品的农残, 必须依照欧盟规定要求认证隔离地带,因为， 无论何处都有农药交叉污染的危险7. Biodiversity:
● Organic standards require soil fertility conservation and promotion of natural enemies (see above). CERES believes that these conditions can’t be met on huge monocrop fields. For this reason, we have established a maximum field size of 20 to 40 ha for annual crops, cording to erosion risk. Bigger fields must be subdivided by hedgerows.
● 生物多样性:
有机标准要求保护土壤的肥力和改善害虫的天敌 (参见上面). CERES相信这些情况在极大面积的单一作物农田里是不可能发生的. 因此, 我们已经建立 20 到 40 公顷一年生农作物的混合农田。因为有侵蚀的风险，较大的农田必须用灌木篱墙隔离细密.
8. Records:● Before the first inspection takes place, the farm has to present an organic management plan to the certifier this plan has to be updated annually
● A farm diary must be kept, recording the main activities on each plot
● Invoices for purchase of fertilisers, pesticides, seeds, etc., must be filed
● Harvested quantities must be recorded for each crop
● The farm needs at least a simple system of bookkeeping for sales of organic products
● In addition, JAS requires "grading" records: before selling products with the JAS logo, the producer has to double-check and record fulfilment of JAS standards.
记录:
● 在第一次检验开始之前,农场必须将有机物管理计划呈现给
认证者 这个计划必须每年更新
● 必须每天保持农事记录,记录每个阶段的主要活动
● 对肥料，农药，种子的购买发票进行归档
● 必须记录每种农作物收成
● 农场至少要有一个简单记账系统来记录有机农作物的销售。
● 此外， JAS 需要分级段记录: 在用销售贴有JAS 标志产品之前，生产者必须重复检查而且记录JAS 标准的执行情况.
9. Knowledge:
● The farmer has to keep a copy of the respective standards and has to study them
● The farmer needs an adequate level of knowledge on organic farming rules and technologies.
知识:
● 农民必须保存各标准副本并学习
● 农民需要有一定水平的有机耕作规则和技术知识。
! Please be aware that this is only a selection of essential requirements of the organic tandards, meant as an introduction. The operator, of course, has to learn about and meet all requirements of the respective standard.
请注意，这只是一个有机标准必需要求的精选摘要,仅作介绍.。当然，操作员还必须学习了解各个标准的所有要求！
